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 101-120 of 6,986 Results  for:

  • Nineteenth-Century Art x
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Article

Alix, Pierre-Michel  

Vivian Atwater

Article

Publication History:

Published online:
2003

(b 1762; d Paris, Dec 27, 1817).

French printmaker. During the last two decades of the 18th century he followed Jean-François Janinet and Louis-Marin Bonnet in popularizing the technique of multiple-plate colour printing for the progressive tonal intaglio processes of mezzotint, aquatint, stipple and crayon manner. Alix produced many illustrations of contemporary Parisian life and fashion but was best known for his colour aquatint portraits of celebrated figures of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic period. In 1789 he provided 18 sheets for an engraved portrait collection published by Levacher de Charnois, which documented members of the French National Assembly. Alix also produced colour prints of such Revolutionary heroes as Jean-Paul Marat, Marie-Joseph Chalier and Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier, after pastel drawings by Jacques-Louis David and other artists. Chief among such prints, which were widely distributed to promote patriotic zeal, were Alix’s portraits of the boy heroes Joseph Barra and Agricola Viala. One of his best works of the period is a portrait of ...

Article

Alken family  

Article

Publication History:

Published online:
2003

English family of artists of Danish descent. The earliest member active in England was Sefferien Alken (1717–82), who was a wood-carver, gilder and stone-carver employed by William Chambers. His son Samuel Alken was an engraver. Four of Samuel Alken’s sons, Samuel Alken (1784–c. 1825), Henry (Thomas) Alken, ...

Article

Allan, William  

Article

Publication History:

Published online:
2003

(b Edinburgh, 1782; d Edinburgh, Feb 23, 1850).

Scottish painter. He served an apprenticeship as a coach painter before studying under John Graham (1754–1817) at the Trustees’ Academy, Edinburgh. Graham inspired in his pupils the urge to travel and to gain a broad knowledge of the world, an approach that strongly influenced Allan’s early career. Allan formed a lasting friendship with his fellow student David Wilkie and followed him to London, where he continued his studies, possibly at the Royal Academy Schools although there is no documentation to support this. In 1805 he exhibited Gypsy Boy and Ass (untraced) at the Royal Academy and that year left England for St Petersburg, carrying letters of introduction from a Scottish patron to the court of Tsar Alexander I (reg 1801–25). He was well regarded there and learnt Russian, spending many years touring the hinterland, Tartary, Circassia and Turkey. He made extensive studies of these areas, recording the appearance, habits and character of villagers, townspeople and princes (e.g. ...

Article

Allebé, August  

Chr. Will

Article

Publication History:

Published online:
2003

[Augustus]

(b Amsterdam, April 19, 1838; d Amsterdam, Jan 10, 1927).

Dutch painter and lithographer. He attended evening classes in drawing at the Felix Meritis School in Amsterdam and on 27 May 1854 sat the entrance exam at the city’s Koninklijke Academie. Lodewijk Royer, the director, gave him lessons in figure drawing and taught him about Greek art. As a student at the Academie he won several prizes. In 1855 he took up lithography under the influence of the French lithographer Adolphe Mouilleron (1820–81), whom he had seen at work in Amsterdam in 1854. He wanted to become a professional lithographer, and from 1858 to 1859 he was in Paris in order to learn the art at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts under Mouilleron’s direction. He made copies after paintings in the Louvre and the Musée du Luxembourg and visited Barbizon. In Paris he met Fantin-Latour and Courbet, but his special admiration was reserved for Ingres, Delacroix and Decamps. In the 1850s and 1860s Allebé frequently sought inspiration in the countryside, staying at ...

Article

Allingham [née Paterson], Helen  

Christopher Newall

Article

Publication History:

Published online:
2003

(b Burton on Trent, Staffs, Sept 26, 1848; d Haslemere, Surrey, Sept 28, 1926).

English illustrator and painter. The daughter of a physician, she was brought up in Altrincham, Ches, and, after her father’s death in 1862, in Birmingham. She studied at the Birmingham School of Design and, from 1867, at the Royal Academy Schools, London. From 1869 she provided illustrations for Joseph Swain and subsequently for the Graphic and Cornhill magazines. She exhibited watercolours at the Dudley Gallery. In 1874 she married the Irish poet William Allingham, and her consequent financial independence allowed her to abandon black-and-white illustration. Her new circle of friends included Tennyson, Ruskin and Thomas Carlyle, whose portrait she drew (version of 1879; Edinburgh, N.P.G.). In 1875 she was elected an associate of the Old Water-Colour Society (she became a full member in 1890 after the prohibition on lady members was withdrawn); she was a regular exhibitor there.

After 1881, when the family moved to Witley, Surrey, Allingham developed a characteristic style and subject-matter in her watercolours: views of the vernacular architecture of southern England, garden scenes (such as ...

Article

Allison, Michael  

Gordon Campbell

Article

Publication History:

Published online:
22 October 2008

(b 1773; d 1855).

American cabinetmaker, active in New York throughout the first half of the 19th century; the principal competitor of his neighbour Duncan Phyfe. Allison’s furniture is characterized by the use of high-quality mahogany and a principled austerity in the use of decoration. His early work is in the Hepplewhite style, and his later work is modelled on Sheraton....

Article

Allston, Washington  

David Steinberg

Article

Publication History:

Published online:
2003

(b Waccamaw, SC, Nov 5, 1779; d Cambridgeport, MA, July 9, 1843).

American painter. The son of a prominent South Carolina plantation owner of English descent, he began to draw around the age of six, and he moved to his uncle’s home in Newport, RI, at the age of eight. While there he came into contact with the portrait painter Samuel King, but it was the exhibited portraits of Robert Edge Pine that offered him inspiring models of glazing and colouring. Dubbed ‘the Count’ by his Harvard College classmates for his way with fashion, Allston explored alternatives to the portrait tradition with landscapes, as well as with depictions of irrational figures, for example Man in Chains (1800; Andover, MA, Phillips Acad., Addison Gal.). After graduating in 1800, he sold his patrimony to fund study abroad.

In 1801 Allston went with Edward Greene Malbone to London, where he frequented the circle of Benjamin West and studied drawing at the Royal Academy. In late ...

Article

Allwine, Lawrence  

Gordon Campbell

Article

Publication History:

Published online:
22 October 2008

(b 1756; d 1833).

American chair-maker, active in Philadelphia, specializing in Windsor chairs, which were painted or gilded. His relatives (possibly sons) John and Peter Allwine were apprenticed to him. The first family workshop opened on South Front Street in 1791, and the last, on Sassafras Street (now Race Street), closed in 1809, when Lawrence and John migrated to Zanesville, in Muskingum County, OH, they continued to make chairs, and also ran a tavern. Lawrence Allwine is the eponym of the varnish known as ‘Allwine Gloss’....

Article

Alma-Tadema family  

Article

Publication History:

Published online:
2003

Article

Alma-Tadema [née Epps], Lady Laura  

Alison Inglis

Article

Publication History:

Published online:
2003

(Theresa)

(b London, April 17, 1852; d London, Aug 15, 1909).

Painter and illustrator, wife of Lawrence Alma-Tadema. At an early age she made copies from the Antique in the British Museum, London, and later studied at the British Museum School under William Cave Thomas (1820–c. 1884) and William Bell Scott. In 1870 she began her studies with Lawrence Alma-Tadema, whose second wife she became in 1871. The principal subjects of her paintings are children at play, often placed in 17th-century Dutch settings, among Dutch furniture and accessories modelled on those in her husband’s collection. She emphasized everyday scenes in domestic interiors, as seen in Airs and Graces (Amsterdam, Rijksmus.). Although the costumes and setting of this painting, as well as the general composition with the light coming from a window on the right, are characteristic of 17th-century Dutch works, the anecdotal sentiment conveyed by the pretty, graceful girls dancing vainly is thoroughly Victorian in feeling. She also painted children in contemporary settings, portraits of children (mainly in pastel), still-lifes (e.g. ...

Article

Almeida Júnior, José Ferraz de  

Roberto Pontual

revised by Gillian Sneed

Article

Publication History:

Published online:
2003

(b Itu, 1850; d Piracicaba, 1899).

Brazilian painter. With the financial help of family and friends, as a young man Almeida Júnior moved to Rio de Janeiro to study art in 1869. He attended the Academia Imperial das Belas Artes in Rio de Janeiro, where he studied drawing under Jules Le Chevrel (c. 1810–1872) and painting with Victor Meirelles de Lima. Deeply attached to the interior of the state of São Paulo, where he was born, Almeida Júnior returned there as soon as he had completed his studies in 1874. In 1875 he opened a studio in his hometown of Itu, where he taught drawing and painted portraits. In a trip to the countryside of São Paulo in 1876, the Emperor Peter II (r. 1831–1889) came across Almeida Júnior’s work. Impressed, he offered to pay for him to study in Europe. Under the patronage of the Emperor, Almeida Júnior travelled to Europe in 1876...

Article

Almeida, Belmiro (Barbosa) de  

Roberto Pontual

Article

Publication History:

Published online:
2003

(b Cerro, 1858; d Paris, 1935).

Brazilian painter and caricaturist. Brought as a child from the interior of the state of Minas Gerais to Rio de Janeiro, he graduated in 1877 from the Academia Imperial das Belas Artes. By then he had already published his first caricatures in the Rio press, and he continued to be a frequent contributor to such humorous periodicals as O Binóculo, O Rataplan (which he founded in 1886), O Mercúrio, A Bruxa, O Malho, Fon-Fon! and Don Quixote. He first went to Europe in 1888, where he finished his studies with Jules Lefebvre in Paris and travelled to Italy. On his return to Brazil at the beginning of the 1890s, he taught drawing at the Escola Nacional de Belas Artes in Rio de Janeiro, but he spent most of the latter part of his life in Paris. There, despite the underlying academicism from which his work was never entirely free and unlike the majority of Brazilian artists of the time, he showed genuine interest in the avant-garde developments of modernist art....

Article

(8) Alois (-Joseph [Josef]) II, Prince of Liechtenstein  

E. Castellani Zahir

In 

Article

Article

(6) Alois(-Joseph [Josef]) I, Prince of Liechtenstein  

E. Castellani Zahir

In 

Article

Article

Alphand, (Jean-Charles-)Adolphe  

Denis A. Lambin

Article

Publication History:

Published online:
2003

(b Grenoble, Oct 26, 1817; d Paris, Dec 6, 1891).

French landscape architect and civil engineer. A graduate of the Ecole Polytechnique (1835) and Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées (1838), Paris, he was sent to Bordeaux to reorganize the harbour’s access and the forest of the Landes. In 1851 Georges Eugène Haussmann, the newly appointed Préfet de la Gironde, asked Alphand to prepare the festivities in honour of the official visit of the French President, Prince Louis Napoleon. After the Prince became emperor, as Napoleon III, in 1852, he ordered Haussmann to transform Paris into a modern metropolis. In 1854 Haussmann summoned Alphand to redesign the Bois de Boulogne. Alphand arrived from Bordeaux with the horticulturist and landscape architect Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps (1824–75), and together they carried out a vast number of projects, cutting straight avenues through historic, often picturesque, districts. Alphand also designed airy public gardens and parks, in accord with Haussmann’s overall scheme. He laid out the Bois de Vincennes (...

Article

Alt, Rudolf  

Sepp Kern

Article

Publication History:

Published online:
2003

(von)

(b Vienna, Aug 28, 1812; d Vienna, March 12, 1905).

Austrian painter, draughtsman and printmaker. He was perhaps the most productive and accomplished watercolour painter in German-speaking Europe in the 19th century. On his frequent travels he produced local views, landscapes and interiors, often commissioned by aristocratic patrons. He studied with his father, Jakob Alt (1789–1872), a landscape and watercolour painter and one of the first to use the new technique of lithography. From the age of six Rudolf accompanied him on study trips, and, together with Alt’s other children, he coloured his father’s drawings. During his student days at the Akademie der Bildenden Künste in Vienna (1825–32), Rudolf joined his father on further journeys and collaborated in his studio. In 1832 he won a prize, which simultaneously freed him from military service and marked the beginning of his independent artistic activity. In the same year he produced his first oil painting, after his own watercolour, of the ...

Article

Altamira, Condes de family  

Nigel Glendinning

Article

Publication History:

Published online:
2003

[Osorio Moscoso y Guzmán; Astorga, Marqueses de]

Spanish family of patrons. The 10th Conde de Altamira, Joaquín Ventura Osorio de Moscoso y Guzmán (bapt Madrid, 4 Feb 1724; d Madrid, 28 Aug 1783), inherited the title of Marqués de Astorga from his mother, and on his father’s side his ancestors were the Conde-Duque de Olivares and the Marqués de Leganés, both notable collectors. The 10th Conde served as Councillor of the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de S Fernando in Madrid and was an honorary academician of the Academia de S Carlos in Valencia. His wealth was fabled, and he commissioned Ventura Rodríguez to design an opulent new palace (1772) in the Calle de S Bernardo, Madrid. It was feared that the building might outshine the Palacio Real, and the single surviving façade gives some measure of its earlier glory. The same architect also designed special decorations for the palace of the Conde in ...

Article

Altamouras, Ioannis  

Alkis Charalampidis

Article

Publication History:

Published online:
2003

(b Florence, 1852; d Spetses, 1878).

Greek painter. In early life he studied in Athens under Nikiforos Lytras and subsequently in Copenhagen (1873–6) with Carl Frederik Soerensen. He travelled in Scandinavia and spent the last two years of his life on the Greek island of Spetses, where he died of consumption. He produced marine scenes almost exclusively, mostly small-scale, which show the influence of 17th-century Dutch seascapes and French plein-air painting. Nevertheless he developed a style of his own, frequently discarding academicism in favour of Impressionism, and created atmosphere by the predominant use of blues, greens, yellows and greys. Most of his works are in Athens (e.g. Sailing Ship at Spetses, 1877; Athens, N.G.).

S. Lydakes: E historia tes neoellenikes zographikes [History of modern Greek painting] (Athens, 1976), p. 335–7, iii of Oi ellenes zographoi [The Greek painters], ed. S. Lydakes and A. Karakatsane (Athens, 1974–6) C. Christou: Greek Painting, 1832–1922 (Athens, 1981), pp. 37–8...

Article

Altdeutsch style  

Article

Publication History:

Published online:
2003

Article

Altherr, Heinrich  

Hans-Peter Wittwer

Article

Publication History:

Published online:
2003

(b Basle, April 11, 1878; d Zurich, April 27, 1947).

Swiss painter. He studied in Basle, in Munich under Heinrich Knirr, and in Rome. He worked from 1913 to 1939 as a teacher of composition at the Staatliche Akademie der Bildenden Künste, Stuttgart, gaining international recognition as one of the few Swiss Expressionists. In his panel paintings and murals, he tried to achieve a synthesis of Expressionism, Symbolism and Classicism, using startling contrasts of light and dark tones. He also produced mosaics and stained-glass windows. His brother ...