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(b Berlin, Oct 15, 1827; d Berlin, Sept 15, 1908).

German architect, archaeologist and writer. He was one of the leading figures of Berlin’s architectural establishment in the latter half of the 19th century. On completion of his studies in 1852, he was given the prestigious post of Bauleiter at the Neues Museum in Berlin, designed by Friedrich August Stüler. He subsequently became a lecturer and in 1861 a professor of architectural history at the Bauakademie in Berlin. Many of his church buildings used medieval motifs and elements, for example the Christuskirche (1862–8) in Berlin and the Elisabethkirche (1869–72) in Wilhelmshafen. He followed Karl Bötticher in his attempts to merge medieval and classical elements, best illustrated in his design for the Thomaskirche (competition 1862; built 1865–70), Berlin. There, Adler used Gothic structural devices embellished with rich Renaissance detail, a tendency that was also present in many of the entries for the Berlin Cathedral competition (...

(b Croton Falls, NY, March 7, 1872; d Paris, Aug 13, 1922).

American archaeologist and teacher. After receiving his MA in 1893 from Princeton University with a fellowship in archaeology, Butler studied architecture at Columbia University. From 1895 until his death he held various appointments at Princeton in architecture, archaeology, and art: his teaching of architecture as one of the fine arts led to the creation of the Princeton School of Architecture, of which he became the founding director in 1922. He was one of the most influential American archaeologists of his time, owing to his discoveries in Syria and at Sardis. His work in Syria was inspired by Melchior de Vogüé’s explorations there in the 1860s. Butler organized and led an American expedition in 1899 with the intention of verifying, photographing, and adding to the list of de Vogüé’s sites. His work in Syria continued until 1909 and resulted in several important publications on the early Christian architecture. In 1910 he began excavating at Sardis, uncovering the Artemis Temple and a number of important Lydian objects, until ...

Greek, 20th century, male.

Active also active in France.

Born 1926, in Lesbos.

Painter. Landscapes.

Manolis Calliyannis began painting aged 15, and went on studying architecture until 1947. An pilot in the RAF during World War II, he then studied at the University of Johannesburg in South Africa and settled in Paris, where he exhibited for the first time in ...

Greek, 20th century, male.

Active in England.

Born 1925.

Painter.

Michael Christos Caras studied architecture. He lived and worked in London from 1955. He created canvas reliefs by stretching canvases across different wooden frames.

He took part in collective exhibitions from 1960, including the European painting prize, Ostend (...

Greek, 20th century, male.

Active in France.

Born 18 December 1928, in Hanover, to Greek parents.

Painter, print artist.

The son of the famous architect Ioannis Despotopoulos, Rhigas Despotopoulos grew up on Chios, in the Ionian Islands, and was educated at the American College of Athens. In ...

(b Wyndham, NH, July 29, 1886; d Athens, July 2, 1973).

American architect and Classical archaeologist. He studied architecture at Harvard University, graduating in 1906, and worked for three years in architectural practice. Architectural history claimed him, however, and he devoted his life to the study of Greek architecture, becoming one of the leaders in this field. He divided his time between teaching at Columbia University, where he received a PhD in 1929, and conducting field research, mainly in Greece. He wrote four books and numerous articles between 1908 and 1968, mostly on Athenian architecture. Dinsmoor was associated throughout his life with the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, serving as Fellow in Architecture, Architect of the School and Professor of Architecture. He served as president of the Archaeological Institute of America between 1936 and 1945 and was later (1969) awarded the gold medal of the Institute for his archaeological achievements. At the end of World War II Dinsmoor was a member of the American Commission for the Protection and Salvage of Artistic and Historic Monuments in War Areas....

Greek, 19th – 20th century, male.

Born 1866, in Athens.

Painter, architect.

Adolphos Gelbert settled in Paris in 1900 and trained at the École des Beaux-Arts.

(b Athens, Dec 23, 1887; d Athens, Oct 6, 1979).

Greek architect and archaeologist. He graduated from the National Polytechnic at Athens as an architect in 1908 and gained his doctorate from the University of Athens in 1915, having studied ancient Greek architecture with Wilhelm Dörpfeld (1853–1940), prehistoric archaeology with Georg Karo (1872–1963), archaic sculpture with Rudolf Heberdey and epigraphy with Anton von Premerstein (d 1937). He was the architect for the restoration works (1910–17) on the Acropolis of Athens under Nikolaos Balanos (1852–1933). He served as director of restorations for the ancient monuments of Greece, apart from the Acropolis, from 1920 to 1942, and director of restorations for the monuments of Greece including the Acropolis from 1942 to 1958. He also held posts as professor of morphology and rhythmology at the National Polytechnic (1919–40); professor of the history of architecture also at the Polytechnic (1943–58); and professor of Byzantine archaeology at the University of Athens (...

Greek, 20th century, male.

Born 24 June 1878, in Alexandria, to Greek parents; died 1967.

Painter, watercolourist, draughtsman (including charcoal). Historical subjects, nudes, portraits, landscapes with figures, landscapes, architectural views, animals.

Constantin Parthenis studied in Vienna and then Paris. From 1930 to 1946, he taught at the fine arts school in Athens. He lived and worked in Corfu. An extremely discerning artist, Parthenis played an important role in the arts (particularly modern art) in Greece. Among other achievements, he fostered knowledge of Impressionism in Greece....

(b Mataró, Oct 15, 1867; d Barcelona, Dec 24, 1956).

Spanish Catalan architect, architectural historian, archaeologist and politician. He graduated from the Escuela Superior de Arquitectura, Barcelona, in 1891, afterwards working as a municipal architect in Mataró. In 1897 he began working as an independent architect in Barcelona, while also teaching at the Escuela Superior de Arquitectura and writing on architectural history. His first works as an architect, the Casa Martí (1896) in Carrer de Montsió, Barcelona, and the Casa Garí (1898), El Cros, Argentona, are typical of Catalan Art Nouveau (Modernismo) in that they show a neo-medieval influence, as do his slightly later projects in Barcelona, such as the improvements (1898–1900) to the Casa Ametller in the Passeig de Gràcia, the Casa Macaya (1901) in the Passeig de S Joan, the Casa Serra (1903–7; now the main seat of the Diputació de Catalunya) on the Rambla de Catalunya, the Casa Terrades or Casa de les Punxes (...

Greek, 19th – 20th century, male.

Born 16 February 1852, in Istanbul, Turkey; died 2 October 1909, in Lausanne, Switzerland.

Painter, watercolourist, draughtsman. Genre scenes, portraits, local figures, architectural subjects, interiors with figures, animals.

Theodoros Rallis (Théodore Jacques Ralli) studied in Paris under Gérôme and Lecomte du Nouy and at the École des Beaux-Arts. He travelled widely in the Middle East and North Africa, finding many sources of inspiration. He exhibited first in 1875 at the Paris Salon, and subsequently at the Salon des Artistes Français, of which he was a member. He received an honourable mention in 1885 and a silver medal in 1889 for the Exposition Universelle, and served as a member of the jury for the 1900 Exposition Universelle. He also exhibited at the Royal Academy in London from 1879. He was made a Chevalier of the Légion d'Honneur in 1901....

Greek, 20th century, male.

Active from 1948 to 1964 in France.

Born 6 August 1914, in Eleusis; died 26 January 1965, in Athens.

Painter. Stage costumes and sets.

An architecture graduate of the polytechnic school in Athens, Thanos Tsingos initially practised as an architect in Greece until the war, beginning to paint in 1932. He enlisted in the Greek army in 1939 and served until 1945. When the Germans reached Greece, he joined up with the allied forces in the Near East. After the war he spent time in Brazil where he worked with the architects who drew up the plans for Brasilia. He settled in Paris in 1948 and devoted himself to painting. He spent time regularly in Greece from 1958 and settled in Athens in 1964....

Greek, 20th century, male.

Active in France after 1947 (naturalised French citizen 1965).

Born 29 May 1922, in Braila, Romania; died 4 February 2001, in Paris.

Sculptor. Architectural integration, stained glass designs.

Iannis Xenakis studied civil engineering at the Athens polytechnic but his studies were interrupted by World War II and then the civil war in Greece. In ...

Greek, 20th century, male.

Born 1903, in Athens; died 2004.

Sculptor. Monuments.

George Zongolopoulos studied architecture and sculpture at the Athens School of Art. He then went to Paris, where he worked in the studio of Marcel Gimond, and to Italy. Until 1956 he worked mainly in marble and cast bronze but afterward turned to welded metal and plexiglass. His acute sense of space led him to create works for architectural settings, such as the fountains in Omonia Square, Athens, which he made in ...