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Abramović, Marina  

Yugoslav, 20th–21st century, female.

Active in the Netherlands.

Born 30 November 1946, in Belgrade (now in Serbia).

Performance artist. Multimedia.

Conceptual Art, Body Art.

Marina Abramović studied at the fine arts academy in Belgrade from 1965 to 1970 and began executing her first performance pieces, films, and videos between 1973 and 1976. She taught at the fine arts academy of Novi Sad from 1973 to 1975, the year she met Ulay in Amsterdam. They not only shared the same birth date but also the same artistic concerns. That meeting was described thus: ‘When we met for the first time in Amsterdam in 1975, we decided to meet up again on neutral territory, somewhere between Amsterdam and Belgrade. We chose Prague, which is exactly in the middle.’ From that time until the late 1980s, they lived and worked together. They describe their collaborative works as ‘relation-work’, a phrase that expresses their desire for total fusion....

Article

Acconci, Vito  

American, 20th century, male.

Born 24 January 1940, in New York.

Painter, sculptor, performance artist, video artist. Multimedia.

Body Art, Conceptual Art.

Vito Acconci was born in the Bronx, New York and lives and works in Brooklyn. He studied at Holy Cross College in Worcester, Massachusetts and at the University of Iowa. He has taught in various art schools and universities and in particular at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Yale University and the Parsons School of Design in New York....

Article

Achour, Boris  

French, 20th – 21st century, male.

Born 1966, in Marseilles.

Installation artist, sculptor, action artist, photographer.

Conceptual Art.

Boris Achour, who was a graduate of the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, received a three-month extra-mural bursary from the Villa Médicis that he spent in Los Angeles in ...

Article

Ader, Bas Jan  

Dutch, 20th century, male.

Active in the USA from 1963.

Born 1942, in Winschoten; died 1975, while crossing the Atlantic.

Performance artist, happenings artist, installation artist, photographer.

Conceptual Art.

Bas Jan Ader settled in the USA when he was 21 years old, and studied art and philosophy at the University of California in Irvine, where he would later teach. After ...

Article

Agnetti, Vicenzo  

Italian, 20th century, male.

Born 1926, in Milan; died 1981.

Collage artist, mixed media. Artists' books.

Arte Povera, Conceptual Art.

Vicenzo Agnetti's work has appeared in numerous group exhibitions of international contemporary art, including Documenta 5 in Kassel, Germany (1972) and Biennale in Venice (...

Article

Agullo, Thierry  

French, 20th century, male.

Born 1945, in Bordeaux; died 1980, in Barbézieux (Charente).

Assemblage artist.

Conceptual Art, Art Sociologique (Sociological Art).

Thierry Agullo showed a 'collection' of horseshoes collected from around the world in 1973 in Paris, each presented with its own references. In 1974...

Article

Ahtila, Eija-Liisa  

Finnish, 20th – 21st century, female.

Active in Helsinki.

Born 1959, in Hämeenlinna.

Video installation artist, film producer, photographer, performance artist.

Conceptual Art.

Eija-Liisa Ahtila was a student at the university of Helsinki from 1980 to 1985 and studied film and video at the London College of Painting. In ...

Article

Aida, Makoto  

Adrian Favell

(b Niigata, Oct 4, 1965).

Japanese painter, installation, performance, and conceptual artist. A controversial, eclectic, and inspirational artist in Japan, Makoto Aida was widely feted on the Tokyo contemporary art scene in the 1990s and 2000s, yet had limited success internationally. Aida can be read as a shadow of the internationally more famous Takashi Murakami: both came out of the Tokyo National Art school in the early 1990s, both developed an art blending contemporary pop and street culture—particularly its often weird sexuality—with classical national art references and techniques, and both shared a similarly ambiguous critique of US (and Western) cultural domination. Whereas the underlying edge of Murakami (see also Superflat) was carefully airbrushed for commercial Western tastes, Aida was an unrepentantly anti-global artist, sometimes perversely uncommercial in his approach. His work incorporated themes that are opaquely Japanese, blending acute, often raucous, humor, analysis of the contemporary political psychosis of the Japanese nation, and an unflinching exposure of Japan’s social underbelly through deliberately vulgar references. This encompassed an often sordid sweep in his paintings, videos, and installations through some of the most unpalatable aspects of everyday, middle-aged, urban male culture and its entertainment zones, notably its fetishism of young girls. The work frequently featured himself as a nerdish and self-deprecating comic artist, mouthing a harsh but bitterly funny satire of Japanese political figures and social particulars that carefully kept ambiguous its critical perspective....

Article

Alatalo, Sally  

American, 20th–21st century, female.

Born 19 November 1960, in L’Anse (Michigan).

Book artist, poet, performance artist, publisher, educator. Artists’ books, wallpaper.

Conceptual Art.

Sally Alatalo completed her undergraduate degree in fine art at Kansas City Art Institute in 1982 and her master’s degree in fine art at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago in ...

Article

Albert, Stéphane  

French, 20th – 21st century, male.

Born 1971, in Nanterre.

Draughtsman, sculptor.

Conceptual Art.

Albert lives and works in Paris and Nice. Stéphane Albert enquires into things and their relative individuality. He also plays upon the ordinariness of his family name, which he has made a subject of his work as an artist. He 'draws', which is to say, writes, copies of pages of books having characters by the name of Albert. By this process, he shows the desperation of the contemporary hero. In the same vein, he also produces formal duplicates in wood of various familiar objects (garbage, crates, palettes, rubble), achieving almost their dematerialisation before giving them a new singularity through his artistic gesture....

Article

Albinet, Jean-Paul  

French, 20th – 21st century, male.

Born 1954, in Albi.

Painter.

Conceptual Art, Mec'Art.

Group Untel.

Jean-Paul Albinet founded, with Philippe Cazal and Alain Snyers, the Untel group in 1975, whose multiple operations examined the everyday social, political, economic and intimate lives of the French in urban milieux. The most successful work of the group was undoubtedly ...

Article

Alcaraz-Laus, Rodolpho  

Mexican, 20th century, male.

Born 1936, in Mexico.

Artist. Multimedia.

Conceptual Art.

Alcaraz-Laus was noticed at the Biennale des Jeunes in Paris in 1971. Under the title Double 1, he presented an encounter between a dancer and that dancer's image, a conceptual production revolving around the theme of the body and its representation, one that was in favour at that time....

Article

Altamira, Adriano  

Italian, 20th – 21st century, male.

Born 17 July 1947, in Milan.

Painter, sculptor, theorist.

Arte Povera, Conceptual Art.

Adriano Altamira put forward his first critical observations on the phenomena of vision in 1967. Next he began to use minimalist structures, plaits and interlacings, like some of the methods used in France by the ...

Article

Amiard, Bernard  

French, 20th – 21st century, male.

Born 4 August 1948, in Paris.

Installation artist.

Conceptual Art, Arte Povera.

Bernard Amiard's work can be compared to that of Arte Povera. He combines substances, texture and image. He mostly uses neon as a graphic medium. He leans towards a redefinition of objects as brute materials and their reciprocating relationships....

Article

Anselmo, Giovanni  

Italian, 20th century, male.

Active in Turin.

Born 1934, in Borgofranco d'Ivrea.

Installation artist.

Conceptual Art, Arte Povera.

Giovanni Anselmo is one of the exponents of Arte Povera (It. 'poor art'), the singular movement that was expressed in many physical forms. It was founded in Italy and remained Italian in character, despite obviously influencing conceptual artists in other countries. Arte Povera falls within the vast movement of conceptual art that swept over the art scene in the 1960s, historically a time of social, political and ethical protest. Arte Povera challenged art itself above all else. A Zen influence, conscious or subconscious depending on the work, is also discernible in the invitation to contemplate a pile of pebbles presented as a work or a non-work of art, or any other object that the eyes and the mind regularly take for granted.The term Arte Povera was coined by Germano Celant (the movement's main instigator and historian) in ...

Article

Anselmo, Giovanni  

Renato Barilli

(b Borgofranco d’Ivrea, Piedmont, Aug 5, 1934).

Italian sculptor. After working as a painter from 1959 to 1964, he turned to conceptual art in 1965 and by 1968 was associated with the emergence of Arte Povera, of which he became one of the strictest and most coherent exponents. His limited output consisted largely of the staging of major physical processes whose long-term effects the audience was invited to imagine, in such a way that the non-material dimension of thought was brought to bear on bulky and spectacular physical phenomena. In Direction (150×500×800 mm, 1967–9; Paris, Pompidou), for instance, a magnetic compass is set within a circular recess of a slab of granite shaped like an arrowhead and displayed pointing north, thus proposing two different ways of expressing the concept alluded to by the title.

A consistent message in Anselmo’s work is that one should not entirely believe one’s eyes, since there is always a component that lies beyond appearances. In one sculpture, ...

Article

Apple, Billy  

Wystan Curnow

[Bates, Barrie]

(b Auckland, Jan 1, 1935).

New Zealand sculptor and conceptual artist. He studied at the Royal College of Art in London in the early 1960s and first showed his work alongside that of fellow students such as David Hockney and Derek Boshier, helping to mark the emergence of British Pop art. The pseudonym that he adopted in 1962 reflected his obsession with different ways of representing fruit. On moving in 1964 to New York he began to produce neon versions of popular icons. In 1970 he established Apple as one of New York’s first artist-run ‘alternative’ art spaces.

The conceptual element in Apple’s early Pop work became dominant in the late 1960s and 1970s. From 1975 to 1980 he concentrated on the deconstruction of the ‘white cube’ gallery exhibition space, proposing alterations to or actually changing existing interiors, notably at the Leo Castelli Gallery in New York (1977, 1978, 1980) and at a number of public galleries in New Zealand (...

Article

Araeen, Rasheed  

Francis Summers

revised by Atteqa Ali

(b Karachi, 1935).

Pakistani conceptual artist, sculptor, painter, activist, writer, and curator, active in England. Originally trained as a civil engineer, Araeen began painting in the 1950s while living in Karachi, Pakistan, where he and a few artists created art in a modern style that was not fully accepted in the cultural milieu of the time. Lack of positive reception in Pakistan prompted his move to London in 1964, where he found more like-minded artists and gained further exposure to contemporary art. This helped him to develop his practice, which gradually shifted from painting to sculpture. Araeen was especially influenced by the works of Anthony Caro and Sol LeWitt, and started producing objects in a highly reduced abstract vocabulary, becoming a pioneer of British Minimalism. He drew on his experience as a civil engineer when constructing grid-like forms using lattice patterns similar to window structures. His sculpture Second Structure (1966–1967) employed crossing elements imbued with political content and articulated his solidarity with the oppressed around the world. Moving to London did not result in reception so different from Karachi—museums and galleries in England overlooked his work and did not provide support for him as an artist. These acts of institutional marginalization appalled Araeen and fueled the politicization of his art and life. He began to make art addressing identity politics and racism and became active in groups such as the Black Panthers. In ...

Article

Araeen, Rasheed  

Pakistani, 20th century, male.

Active in Britain.

Born 1935, in Karachi.

Installation artist, painter, sculptor.

Conceptual Art.

Araeen initially studied to be a civil engineer. He has exhibited in Karachi, New York and in a number of British cities. His work often addresses issues facing ethnic groups in Britain. He is also a writer and editor and founded the ...

Article

Arakawa, Shusaku  

Japanese, 20th century, male.

Active in the USA since 1961.

Born 6 July 1936, in Nagoya (Aichi Prefecture).

Painter.

Conceptual Art.

Neo-Dadaist Organisers group.

Shusaku Arakawa studied medicine and mathematics at Tokyo University (1954-1958) and art at Musashino Art University, Tokyo. He began his career in the 1960s when he concerned himself with the representation of impossible space, which corresponded to Marcel Duchamp’s scientific interest in the fourth dimension. In 1960 he was involved in anti-art and Neo-Dadaism in Tokyo and produced his first happenings....