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Article

Behrens, Peter  

German, 19th – 20th century, male.

Born 14 April 1868, in Hamburg; died 27 February 1940, in Berlin.

Painter, draughtsman, engraver, architect, designer, decorative artist, graphic designer. Posters, furniture, wallpaper, carpets, glassware, ceramics, table services, jewellery, silverwork, objets d'art, typefaces.

Jugendstil, functional school.

Die Sieben (Group of Seven), Deutscher Werkbund...

Article

Bernhard, Lucian  

German, 20th century, male.

Active in the USA.

Born 15 March 1883, in Stuttgart; died 29 May 1972, in New York.

Painter, sculptor, graphic designer, poster artist, illustrator, architect, designer, decorative artist. Designs for carpets, advertising art, furniture, lamps, wallpaper.

Jugendstil.

Deutscher Werkbund.

Lucian Bernhard studied painting at the Kunstakademie in Munich, but taught himself design. He was active in Berlin. In ...

Article

Bertsch, Karl  

German, 20th century, male.

Born 1873, in Munich; died 1933, in Bad Nauheim.

Tapestry maker, glassmaker, interior designer. Designs (furniture).

Jugendstil.

Karl Bertsch was a self-taught tapestry maker. In 1902, with Adelbert Niemeyer, he created a workshop making furniture and interior decoration items, which they called the Müncher Werkstätten für Wohnungseinrichtung. In ...

Article

Christiansen, Hans  

German, 19th – 20th century, male.

Active also active in France.

Born 6 March 1866, in Flensburg; died 5 January 1945, in Wiesbaden.

Painter, engraver, draughtsman, decorative designer, graphic designer. Portraits, landscapes, urban landscapes, still-lifes, flowers, decorative motifs. Designs for carpets, designs (furniture/posters/jewellery/book-binding).

Jugendstil.

Die Sieben (Group of Seven)...

Article

Debschitz, Wilhelm von  

German, 19th – 20th century, male.

Born 21 February 1871, in Görlitz; died 1948, at the Lünen monastery.

Painter, decorative designer. Wall decorations, designs for tapestries, designs (fabrics).

Jugendstil.

Wilhelm von Debschitz travelled to the Tyrol and in Italy, before settling in Munich. He is best remembered for co-founding, with Hermann Obrist, the famous Lehr und Versuch-Ateliers für Angewandte und Freie Kunst school for applied arts in Munich in ...

Article

Eckmann, Otto  

German, 19th century, male.

Born 19 November 1865, in Hamburg; died 11 June 1902, in Badenweiler.

Painter, decorative artist, illustrator, engraver, designer, ceramicist, textile designer. Portraits, landscapes, flowers. Designs for stained glass, designs for tapestries, ex-libris plates, advertising posters, fabrics, ceramics, metal objects, ironware, lamps, furniture, typefaces, jewellery, wallpaper...

Article

Gussmann, Otto  

German, 19th – 20th century, male.

Born 22 May 1869, in Wachbach bei Mergentheim; died 1926, in Dresden.

Painter, draughtsman. Religious subjects. Murals, designs (furniture, fabrics, carpets).

Jugendstil.

Otto Gussmann first attended classes at the Kunstgewerbeschule in Stuttgart, then at the Kunstgewerbemuseum in Berlin under Max Koch. After this, he entered the academy in Berlin, where he was supervised by Josef Scheurenberg. In ...

Article

Iribe, Paul  

Gordon Campbell

(b 1883; d 1935).

Basque–French cartoonist, interior decorator and designer, notably of furniture but also of wallpaper, textiles and jewellery. His early work is in an Art Nouveau idiom, but he gradually became a pioneering exponent of Art Deco. Pierre(-Emile) Legrain was initially his employee and later his collaborator. In 1914 Inbe moved to America, where he worked as a set designer, and in ...

Article

Jungnickel, Ludwig Heinrich  

German, 20th century, male.

Active then naturalised in 1918 in Austria.

Born 27 July 1881, in Wunsiedel (Upper Franconia); died 1965, in Vienna.

Painter, engraver (wood), draughtsman, illustrator, lithographer, watercolourist, illustrator. Figures, animals. Designs for carpets, designs (wallpapers).

Jugendstil.

Ludwig Heinrich Jungnickel studied at the Kunstgewerbeschule in Munich in 1896, and then, after his family moved to Austria, at the Akademie der Bildenden Künste in Vienna in 1899, under the supervision of Christian Griepenkerl and August Eisenmenger. In Vienna, he worked for various design companies, producing designs for wallpaper and similar work, and starting his collaboration with the Wiener Werkstätte (Vienna Studio) in 1903. Around 1906, he completed his training at the Vienna Akademie der Bildenden Künste in graphic art, where he learned engraving with William Unger. He taught at the Kunstgewerbeschule in Frankfurt from 1911. He was a member of the Deutscher Werkbund. He formed a friendship with Egon Schiele and Kokoschka. He obtained Austrian nationality in 1918 and, between 1921 and 1930, travelled regularly to Italy, visiting Rome, Naples and Sicily. The Nazis banned him from practising his art and subjected him to persecution. He withdrew to Split in 1938. On returning to Austria in 1952, he was rehabilitated and received the title of professor, and his art was acclaimed....

Article

Kleinhempel, Erich  

German, 20th century, male.

Born 1874, in Neustadt bei Leipzig; died 1947, in Erbach/Westerwald.

Painter, draughtsman, interior designer, graphic designer. Designs (furniture, fabrics, porcelain, precious metals, jewels).

Jugendstil.

Erich Kleinhempel first trained with Oskar Haebler in his graphics studio in Dresden, then entered the Kunstgewerbeschule in Dresden, where he studied ...

Article

Kleinhempel, Gertrud  

German, 20th century, female.

Born 1875, in Leipzig; died 1948, in Althagen near Wustrow.

Illustrator, draughtswoman, decorative designer. Designs for fabrics, furniture and jewels.

Jugendstil.

Gertrud Kleinhempel studied drawing in Dresden, then in Munich, and made her debut in 1899 as an illustrator in Dresden. From ...

Article

Lebeau, (Joris Johannes) Chris  

Jan Jaap Heij

[Christiaan]

(b Amsterdam, May 26, 1878; d Dachau, April 2, 1945).

Dutch painter, designer and applied artist. He trained in design and decorative painting at the Quellinus school and the Rijksschool voor Kunstnijverheid (National School of the Applied Arts) in Amsterdam from 1892 to 1899. He was assigned to assist with the decoration of the Dutch pavilion at the Exposition Universelle in Paris in 1900. A number of his designs for the pavilion were executed in batik, a Javanese technique that had been recently introduced in the Netherlands. In subsequent years Lebeau developed a very personal approach to batiking and within a short time became the leading Dutch artist in this field. His batiked screens in particular were widely acclaimed (examples in Assen, Prov. Mus. Drenthe) and are considered masterpieces of Dutch Jugendstil.

Lebeau is one of the most important representatives of the severe, geometrical trend in Dutch applied arts of the early 20th century. From 1903 he designed damask tablecloths and household linen for the ...

Article

Leistikow, Walter  

German, 19th – 20th century, male.

Born 25 October 1865, in Bromberg (now Bydgoszcz, Poland); died 24 July 1908, in Schlachtensee (Berlin).

Painter (including gouache), watercolourist, draughtsman, engraver, illustrator, decorative designer, writer. Landscapes, landscapes with figures, waterscapes. Posters, designs for carpets, designs for tapestries, designs (wallpapers/book-binding)...

Article

Macdonald Mackintosh, Margaret  

British, 19th – 20th century, female.

Born 5 November 1864, in Tipton (Staffordshire); died January 1933, in London.

Painter, watercolourist, draughtswoman. Decorative designs, stylised figures and vegetation. Gesso panels, metalwork, textiles.

Art Nouveau.

Glasgow School.

Margaret Macdonald moved to Glasgow with her family in 1890 and enrolled in the Glasgow School of Art with her sister Frances. There they met Charles Rennie Mackintosh and James Herbert McNair. In the mid-1890s, Margaret and Frances left to establish their own studio. Margaret worked in a variety of media including watercolours, metalwork, textiles, embroidery and gesso panels, often collaborating with her sister. Their work was exhibited during the fifth exhibition of the Arts and Crafts Society in London in ...

Article

Maillol, Aristide(-Joseph-Bonaventure)  

Antoinette Le Normand-Romain

(b Banyuls-sur-Mer, Oct 8, 1861; d Perpignan, Sept 24, 1944).

French sculptor, painter, designer and illustrator. He began his career as a painter and tapestry designer, but after c. 1900 devoted himself to three-dimensional work, becoming one of the most important sculptors of the 20th century. He concentrated almost exclusively on the nude female figure in the round, consciously wishing to strip form of all literary associations and architectural context. Although inspired by the Classical tradition of Greek and Roman sculpture, his figures have all the elemental sensuousness and dignity associated with the Mediterranean peasant.

Maillol first intended to become a painter and went to Paris in 1881, where he lived in extreme poverty. Three years later the Ecole des Beaux-Arts finally accepted him as a pupil, where he began studies under Alexandre Cabanel. He found the teaching there discouraging and his early painted work was more strongly influenced by Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, Paul Gauguin, and the Nabis group which he joined around ...

Article

Newbery [née Rowat], Jessie  

Liz Arthur

(b Paisley, Renfrewshire, 1864; d Corfe Castle, Dorset, 1948).

Scottish embroiderer and designer. She was the eldest child of William Rowat, a successful shawl manufacturer, and was educated in Paisley and Edinburgh. In 1882 she visited Italy where she was impressed by the mosaics at Ravenna and by peasant craftwork. On her return she attended the Glasgow School of Art, where she studied life drawing and anatomy, later taking a design course in stained glass and textiles. In 1889 she married the school’s principal, Francis H. Newbery (1853–1946), and in 1894 began giving embroidery classes that laid the foundation of the department whose innovative work won international acclaim.

Newbery rebelled against the over-elaborate, stereotyped, poorly designed embroidery predominant at the time, preferring instead to encourage originality and individuality. She stressed that the quality of embroidery was not dependent on intricate stitches and laborious execution: ‘I try to make the most appearance with least effort, but insist that what work is ventured on is as perfect as it may be’ (Gleeson White, p. 48). She believed that embroidery should be an art form available to all social classes: because it was as effective on cheap fabrics, such as linen and calico, as on silks and velvets, it was appropriate for utilitarian as well as decorative items. Most of her embroidery was applied to practical items such as furnishings, collars and belts. As a result of her teaching, embroidery was seen as a specialist subject linked to the other arts....

Article

Nieuwenhuis, T(heodorus) W(illem)  

M. W. F. Simon Thomas

(b Noord Scharwoude, April 26, 1866; d Noord Scharwoude, Dec 5, 1951).

Dutch decorative artist and designer. After training as a blacksmith at technical college, he studied at the Rijkskunstnijverheidsschool in Amsterdam. When he had problems finding work after his course, he travelled in 1889–90 with friend and fellow student Gerrit Willem Dijsselhof to Berlin, Vienna and Paris. In 1892 he entered a competition with Dijsselhof and C. A. Lion Cachet to design a certificate for the Vereniging van Boekhandels (Society of Bookshops). The three resulting woodcut designs are considered to be some of the earliest examples of Nieuwe Kunst. The stylized floral motifs, used in a flat, linear manner, are typical of this. His graphic works include a variety of calendars produced with Dijsselhof and Lion Cachet for the Scheltema & Holkema booksellers.

Nieuwenhuis also designed batiks, carpets, table and wall damask, upholstery fabrics, furniture, metalwork and ceramics. From 1898 many of his designs were executed by the furniture workshop of the art dealers ...

Article

Obrist, Hermann  

Peg Weiss

(b Kilchberg, Switzerland, May 23, 1862; d Munich, Feb 26, 1927).

Swiss artist, craftsman and teacher. After studying science and medicine at the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg (1885–7), he travelled in England and Scotland in 1887. There the Arts and Crafts Movement influenced his decision to turn his attentions to the applied arts. Following brief studies at the Kunstgewerbeschule in Karlsruhe and an apprenticeship as a potter, his ceramics and furniture won gold medals at the Exposition Universelle in Paris in 1889. In 1890 he studied at the Académie Julian in Paris, before visiting Berlin and Florence, where he experimented in marble sculpture and established an embroidery studio in which his own designs could be carried out; he moved his studio to Munich in 1894.

In April 1896 an exhibition in Munich at the Galerie Littauer of 35 embroideries designed by Obrist and executed by Berthe Ruchet attracted considerable critical acclaim, with commentators referring to the birth of a new applied art. To further his artistic ideals Obrist founded the ...

Article

Privat-Livemond, Georges  

Belgian, 19th – 20th century, male.

Active in France.

Born 9 October 1861, in Schaerbeek (Brussels); died 4 October 1936, in Schaerbeek.

Painter, draughtsman, lithographer, poster artist, ceramicist, designer. Figure compositions, figures, portraits, nudes, scenes with figures. Stage sets, designs for fabrics, advertising art.

Art Nouveau...

Article

Reichenbach, Carl Georg von  

German, 20th century, male.

Born 1872; died 1940.

Glassmaker, draughtsman. Designs (furniture, lamps, fabrics, glassware, objets d'art).

Jugendstil.

Carl Georg von Reichenbach was first a pupil at the Kunstgewerbeschule in Munich then at the private school of Obrist and of Debschitz in Munich from 1905 to 1912...