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Article

Adams, Mark  

Courtney Ann Shaw

Publication History:

Published online:
2003
Collection:
Grove Art Online

(b Fort Plain, NY, Oct 27, 1925; d San Francisco, 2006).

American tapestry artist, painter and stained-glass designer. Adams studied painting at Syracuse University and with Hans Hoffmann in New York, where he was influenced by the medieval tapestries in the Cloisters and also by the work of Matisse. In the 1950s Adams was apprenticed to the influential French tapestry designer Jean Lurçat, from whom he learnt the bold colours and clear imagery that characterize his work. He also studied at the Ecole Nationale d’Art Décoratif in Aubusson before beginning to use a series of workshops, notably that of Marguerite and Paul Avignon, who wove his first nationally acclaimed tapestry, Phoenix and the Golden Gate (1957). Flight of Angels (1962) was exhibited at the first Biennale Internationale de la Tapisserie in Lausanne. In 1976 his cartoon of California Poppies (San Francisco, CA Pal. Legion of Honor) was woven for the Five Centuries of Tapestry exhibition at the California Palace of the Legion of Honor, San Francisco, as a demonstration piece. Later tapestries, for example ...

Article

Adnan, Etel  

Andrew Weiner

Publication History:

Published online:
02 July 2009
Collection:
Grove Art Online

(b Beirut, 1925).

Lebanese painter and writer active in the USA. Daughter of a Greek Christian mother and a Syrian Muslim father, Adnan was educated in Lebanon before going on to study philosophy at the Sorbonne, Harvard, and the University of California, Berkeley. For many years she taught aesthetics at Dominican College, San Rafael, CA; she also lectured and taught at many other colleges and universities. During the 1970s Adnan regularly contributed editorials, essays, and cultural criticism to the Beirut-based publications Al-Safa and L’Orient-Le Jour. In 1978 she published the novel Sitt Marie Rose, which won considerable acclaim for its critical portrayal of cultural and social politics during the early years of the Lebanese Civil War. Adnan published numerous books of poetry, originating in her opposition to the American war in Vietnam and proceeding to encompass topics as diverse as the landscape of Northern California and the geopolitics of the Middle East. Her poetry served as the basis for numerous works of theater and contemporary classical music....

Article

Ahyi, Paul  

Christine Mullen Kreamer

Publication History:

Published online:
21 February 2000
Collection:
Grove Art Online

(b Jan 25, 1930; d Lomé, Jan 4, 2010).

Togolese painter, sculptor, engraver, stained glass designer, potter and textile designer. Beginning in 1946, he received his secondary education in Dakar, where he also worked in an architecture firm. He travelled to France and received his diplôme supérieur from the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, Paris. A versatile artist, Ahyi is best known for his murals and for monumental stone, marble and cement public sculptures. His work reflects the fusion of his Togolese roots, European training and an international outlook, and he counts among his influences Moore, Braque, Modigliani, Tamayo, Siqueiros and Tall. His work combines ancient and modern themes and materials, maternity being a prominent topic. The messages of his larger, public pieces operate on a broad level to appeal to the general populace, while smaller works often reflect his private engagement with challenges confronting the human condition. His compositions are both abstract and figurative and evoke the heroism and hope of the two world wars, Togo's colonial period and the struggle for independence from France, as well as the political efforts of the peoples of Vietnam, South Africa and Palestine. Ahyi has won numerous international prizes, including the prize of the city of Lyon (...

Article

Alaux, Joseph  

Publication History:

Published online:
31 October 2011
Collection:
Benezit Dictionary of Artists

French, 18th century, male.

Born 1728, in Lautrec (Tarn); died probably, in Lautrec (Tarn).

Painter, decorative artist, tapestry maker.

Alaux's father was Pierre Alaux, a master tapestry maker, and his grandfather was Gilles Alaux, a master sculptor.

Article

Albers, Anni  

Publication History:

Published online:
31 October 2011
Collection:
Benezit Dictionary of Artists

maiden name: Fleischmann

German, 20th century, female.

Active in the USA.

Born 12 June 1899, in Berlin; died 10 May 1994, in Orange (Connecticut), USA.

Draughtswoman, textile designer, printmaker.

Having studied in Berlin and Hamburg, Anni Albers went on to study at the Bauhaus from 1922 to 1930. She married Josef Albers and became an assistant teacher at a weaving workshop. In 1933, the two emigrated to the USA, founding the art department at Black Mountain College, a newly established liberal arts school in North Carolina. In 1949, Anni and Josef moved to New Haven (Connecticut) where he served as chair for the design department at Yale University.

As early on as her first teaching post at the Bauhaus, where she ran technical classes, she taught students to combine natural and synthetic materials in weaving, saying: ‘The material determines its own limits in the face of the tasks imposed by the imagination.’ After emigrating to the USA, she continued to teach this philosophy at Black Mountain College and was thus part of the considerable influence exerted by the college on the artistic movement that would go on to become the American School of the 1940s. Challenging historical distinctions between high and low art forms, she carved out space for fibre arts within the discourse of fine art. Her pedagogical approach not only integrated art, craft, and industry, but also emphasised the cultivation of moral character, self-sufficiency, and independence from machinery....

Article

Albert the painter  

Anna Nilsén

Publication History:

Published online:
2003
Collection:
Grove Art Online

[Albertus Pictor]

(fl. c. 1460; d after 1509).

Painter and textile designer, active in Sweden. According to a signature found in Sala Church, Uppland, his real name seems to have been Albertus Immenhusen. He was probably of German origin. He married in 1473 and was a burgher of Stockholm, where he ran a workshop for liturgical embroidery. Apparently well-to-do, during the years 1501–1507 he paid a higher tax than any other painter in Stockholm. About this time he also seems to have delivered an altarpiece to the Brigittine convent of Naantali (Swed. Nådendal) in Finland. He is last mentioned in 1509, when he played an instrument, probably the organ, at the Corpus Christi Guild of Stockholm.

Albert thus had many talents, but his main field must have been wall painting. His earliest works are in Södermanland and include the signed wall paintings in the church at Lid, where he also painted his self-portrait. It has been conjectured that Albert may have been an apprentice of a Master ...

Article

Amer, Ghada  

Chika Okeke-Agulu

Publication History:

Published online:
09 July 2012
Collection:
Grove Art Online

(b Cairo, May 22, 1963).

American painter, sculptor, fibre and installation artist of Egyptian birth. Amer, one of the few young artists of African origin to gain prominence in the late 1990s international art scene, studied painting in France at the Villa Arson EPIAR, Nice (MFA, 1989), and the Institut des Hautes Etudes en Art Plastique, Paris (1991). She subsequently moved to New York. She is best known for her canvases in which paint and embroidery are combined to explore themes of love, desire, sexuality, and women’s identity in a patriarchal world. Amer’s use of Embroidery, historically regarded as a genteel female craft, to create images of women fulfilling their sexual desires without inhibition, recalls the provocations and strategies of 1970s Western feminist art. However, her work also reflects her alarm at the incremental curbing of women’s social and political freedoms in her native Egypt following the rise of Islamic fundamentalism, especially after the regime of Gamal Abdel Nasser ended in ...

Article

Amer, Ghada  

Publication History:

Published online:
31 October 2011
Collection:
Benezit Dictionary of Artists

Egyptian, 20th — 21st century, female.

Active in the USA.

Born 1963, in Cairo.

Draughtswoman, embroiderer.

Ghada Amer grew up in Paris. She studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Nice before traveling to the USA where she attended the School of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. She lives and works in both New York and Paris.

Amer is best known for her embroidered canvases, a subversive practice she adopted during her studies in Nice, unable to enroll in painting classes reserved exclusively for her male counterparts. Amer first used embroidery, a craft traditionally associated with women’s labour, to depict feminine stereotypes in banal domestic scenes, commercial advertising, and Disney cartoons. In 1992 she made a bold move to incorporate pornographic imagery into her work, claiming feminine sexuality as a site of empowerment. Complex sequential overlapping images of women arousing themselves are visible only when one approaches the canvas; at a distance, they merge into a colourful textured weave. Her work is often regarded as feminist, with the domestic symbolism of her needlework creating an intimate, autonomous female arena in which women please themselves....

Article

Amos, Emma  

Joan Marter

Publication History:

Published online:
20 October 2006
Collection:
Grove Art Online

(b Atlanta, GA, March 16, 1938).

African American painter, printmaker, and weaver. Amos studied fine arts and textile weaving at Antioch College at Yellow Springs, OH, where she received her BFA in 1958. She went on to study etching and painting at the Central School of Art, London (1958–9), and the following year she moved to New York, where she began working at two printmaking studios: Robert Blackburn’s workshop and that of Letterio Calapai (an outpost of Stanley William Hayter’s Atelier 17). She completed her MA at New York University (NYU) in 1966. Through Hale Woodruff, an art professor at NYU and family friend, she was invited to exhibit with Spiral, an all-male art group founded by Woodruff and Romare Bearden and featuring recognized African American artists. Spiral, closely allied with the Civil Rights movement, dissolved in 1967 and subsequently Amos had trouble exhibiting her work. In 1974, after the birth of her two children, Amos found a position as an instructor in textile design at the Newark School of Fine and Industrial Arts. She continued her own weaving in New York and benefited from the revival of interest in women’s traditional art forms in the early years of the feminist art movement....

Article

Antonello di Capua  

Publication History:

Published online:
31 October 2011
Collection:
Benezit Dictionary of Artists

Italian, 15th century, male.

Active in Naples in the middle of the 15th century.

Painter, embroiderer.

In 1472, Antonello di Capua executed chamber paintings for King Alphonse I. The following year he carried out work for the Duchess of Termoli.

Article

Arcimboldo [Arcimboldi], Giuseppe  

Thomas Dacosta Kaufmann

Publication History:

Published online:
2003
Collection:
Grove Art Online

(b ?Milan, 1527; d Milan, July 11, 1593).

Italian painter, draughtsman and tapestry designer, active also in Austria and Bohemia. He came from a distinguished Milanese family that included a number of archbishops of the city; his father was the painter Biagio Arcimboldo. Giuseppe is first documented in 1549, working with his father for Milan Cathedral; he received payments until 1558 for supplying paintings, designs for an altar baldacchino and stained-glass windows for the cathedral: the Story of Lot and the Life of St Catherine in the south transept windows are usually attributed to him. He collaborated with Giuseppe Meda in designing the gonfalone of St Ambrose in Milan, probably sometime soon after 1558. In 1556 he received a commission to paint the south wall and vault of the south transept of Monza Cathedral, also in Lombardy, a work that must have been completed by 1562. Portions of a fresco of the Tree of Jesse on the south wall there can be attributed to him. In ...

Article

Atkinson, Conrad  

Publication History:

Published online:
31 October 2011
Collection:
Benezit Dictionary of Artists

British, 20th – 21st century, male.

Active in California.

Born 1940, in Cleator Moor (West Cumbria).

Painter, ceramicist, print artist, film maker, photographer. Textiles.

Conrad Atkinson graduated from Carlisle College of Art (1961), Liverpool College of Art (1962) and the Royal Academy Schools in London (...

Article

Audenrith, Johann Heinrich  

Publication History:

Published online:
31 October 2011
Collection:
Benezit Dictionary of Artists

German, 19th century, male.

Born 8 April 1816, in Siegritz (district of Ebermannstadt); died 13 April 1896.

Watercolourist, draughtsman. Urban landscapes.

An amateur artist, Audenrith was first a weaver, then a worker in a wire factory in Nuremberg. He was only able to practise his art in his spare time, but nonetheless produced some fine work, reproducing the picturesque beauty of Nuremberg with a great sense of realism. His paintings are preserved in the city's art collection. A selection of his paintings were published as lithographs by W. Biede in ...

Article

Baerens, Magdalene Margrethe  

Publication History:

Published online:
31 October 2011
Collection:
Benezit Dictionary of Artists

Danish, 18th century, female.

Born 30 September 1737, in Copenhagen; died 7 June 1808.

Painter, embroiderer. Flowers.

Magdalene Baerens' talent for flower painting won her the patronage of both Queen Juliane Marie of Denmark and Catherine II, Empress of Russia. She was appointed a member of the Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi in Copenhagen in ...

Article

Baerwind, Rudi  

Publication History:

Published online:
31 October 2011
Collection:
Benezit Dictionary of Artists

German, 20th century, male.

Born 1910, in Mannheim; died 12 November 1982, in Mannheim.

Painter, sculptor. Designs for stained glass, tapestries, murals.

After a standard education Baerwind studied at the academies in Berlin and Munich before studying at the Académie Ranson in Paris in 1932...

Article

Bailleul, Baudouin or Baudecon de  

Publication History:

Published online:
31 October 2011
Collection:
Benezit Dictionary of Artists

Flemish, 15th century, male.

Active in Arrasc.1419.

Painter. Designs for carpets.

Flemish School.

Baudouin Bailleul carried out the painting work in the council chamber of the ducal palace at Arras. A painter of the same name supplied Philip the Good with carpet patterns in ...

Article

Bauduin [Baudouin] de Bailleul  

Scot McKendrick

Publication History:

Published online:
2003
Collection:
Grove Art Online

(fl Arras, 1419–64).

Burgundian painter and tapestry designer. He was a wealthy member of the Arras bourgeoisie and seems to have been a very successful artist. His first recorded work was the painting of mainly heraldic devices in memory of John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, at the abbey of St Vaast in 1419. The work was undertaken in such a short time and for a sufficiently large payment that he has been considered the head of an important workshop. In 1426 he was again paid for heraldic painting at Arras, and in 1454 he shared with Jacques Daret the supervision of the painting by Robert de Moncheaux (fl 1454–68) of the tomb of the abbot of St Vaast, Jean du Clercq (untraced).

Bauduin is best known for his execution of the designs for a set of tapestries of the History of Gideon (destr. 1794), considered the most outstanding tapestries owned by ...

Article

Baran, Edward  

Publication History:

Published online:
31 October 2011
Collection:
Benezit Dictionary of Artists

Polish, 20th century, male.

Active since 1966 active in France.

Born 13 February 1934, in Lesko.

Painter, weaver. Figures.

In the 1960s, Baran was a pupil at the academy of fine arts in Warsaw. He studied landscape painting and trained in the weaving studio. He was influenced by French painters from Bonnard to De Staël, but especially by Cézanne's conception of space. An admirer of Bayeux tapestry, he has a sort of haziness in his graphic execution reminiscent of embroidery. Edward Baran had a solo exhibition in Beauvais (...

Article

Baudouin, Pierre  

Publication History:

Published online:
31 October 2011
Collection:
Benezit Dictionary of Artists

French, 20th century, male.

Born 1921; died January 1971, in La Celle-St-Cloud.

Painter, hand-weaver. Designs for tapestries.

A master loom setter, Pierre Baudouin taught mural art at the École des Beaux-Arts in Aubusson. He is particularly well known for his collaboration with Picasso, Le Corbusier, Calder, Estève, Masson, Arp and Ernst....

Article

Bauhaus  

Rainer K. Wick

Publication History:

Published online:
2003
Collection:
Grove Art Online

[Bauhaus Berlin; Bauhaus Dessau, Hochschule für Gestaltung; Staatliches Bauhaus in Weimar]

German school of art, design and architecture, founded by Walter Gropius. It was active in Weimar from 1919 to 1925, in Dessau from 1925 to 1932 and in Berlin from 1932 to 1933, when it was closed down by the Nazi authorities. The Bauhaus’s name referred to the medieval Bauhütten or masons’ lodges. The school re-established workshop training, as opposed to impractical academic studio education. Its contribution to the development of Functionalism in architecture was widely influential. It exemplified the contemporary desire to form unified academies incorporating art colleges, colleges of arts and crafts and schools of architecture, thus promoting a closer cooperation between the practice of ‘fine’ and ‘applied’ art and architecture. The origins of the school lay in attempts in the 19th and early 20th centuries to re-establish the bond between artistic creativity and manufacturing that had been broken by the Industrial Revolution. According to Walter Gropius in ...