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Article

Ahl, Henry Hammond  

American, 19th – 20th century, male.

Born 1869, in Hartford (Connecticut); died 1953, in Byfield (Massachusetts).

Painter. Landscapes.

Henry Hammond Ahl, like many American Impressionist painters, studied in Europe, at the Royal Bavarian Academy in Munich. On his return to the USA he adopted the Impressionist style completely and exhibited in the Boston galleries....

Article

Béliard, Édouard  

French, 19th century, male.

Born 1834, in Paris.

Painter. Landscapes.

Impressionist group.

Studied under Bonnat and Corot and worked above all together with Pissarro, with whom he lodged in 1872. He took part in the first Impressionist exhibition at Nadar's in 1874 and in the second in ...

Article

Bordes, Ernest  

French, 19th – 20th century, male.

Born 1852, in Pau; died 1914, in Paris.

Painter. History painting, portraits, genre scenes.

Ernest Bordes trained with de Léon Bonnat and Cormon. His works are painted with elegance and flair, in a Post-Impressionist manner.

He exhibited at the Paris Salon ...

Article

Borisov-Musatov, Viktor Elpidiforovich  

Russian, 19th – 20th century, male.

Born2 April 1870, in Saratov; died 26 October 1905, in Tarusa.

Painter, engraver, ceramic designer. Painting, portraits, landscapes. Impressionism/Post-impressionism, Symbolism.

Saratov Society of Lovers of the Fine Arts, Moscow Association of Artists, Union of Russian Artists.

Viktor Borisov-Musatov began his artistic training in the 1890s at the Saratov Society of Lovers of the Fine Arts. He then spent time in both Moscow and St Petersburg, first at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture (...

Article

Buscaglione, Giuseppe  

Italian, 19th – 20th century, male.

Born 1868, in Ariano di Puglia; died 1928, in Rivoli.

Painter. Landscapes, landscapes with figures.

Buscaglione lived and worked in Turin. Like most artists who came after the Impressionists, he responded to variations of light according to the time of day, mild or cloudy weather or the season of the year. He often added figures to his landscapes, even painting genre scenes....

Article

Caillebotte, Gustave  

French, 19th century, male.

Born 19 August 1848, in Paris; died 21 February 1894, in Gennevilliers (Hauts-de-Seine).

Painter. Figures, nudes, portraits, landscapes, still-lifes.

Impressionist group.

Gustave Caillebotte was born into a rich bourgeois family and is remembered above all as a philanthropist, patron of the arts, avid collector, and generous supporter of the Impressionists, whose work he defended and with whom, as a painter in his own right, he regularly exhibited. Caillebotte completed his law studies in 1870 and was drafted into military service in the same year on the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War. He was demobilised in 1871 and attended courses during the following year under Léon Bonnat in preparation for the Beaux-Arts entrance examinations, which he successfully completed in 1873. His father died in 1874, bequeathing a substantial fortune to his widow and four sons.

Caillebotte did not take part in the first Impressionist exhibition at Nadar’s but, by this time, he had already befriended Edgar Degas, who introduced him to the group of artists who were refused entry to the official Salon. (Caillebotte himself was refused entry in ...

Article

Cals, Adolphe-Félix  

French, 19th century, male.

Born 17 October 1810, in Paris; died 3 October 1880, in Honfleur.

Painter, draughtsman, engraver. Figures, portraits, genre scenes, interiors with figures, landscapes with figures, landscapes, harbour scenes, still-lifes.

Impressionist group. Honfleur (or St-Siméon) School.

Adolphe-Félix Cals was born into a humble family, but his parents did everything in their power to ensure that their reserved and rather frail son might be spared the rigours of manual labour. In light of the family's circumstances, it was thought best that Félix-Adophe be apprenticed to the engraver Anselin, a close friend of the Cals family. When Anselin died suddenly, Félix-Adolphe continued to learn his craft, first under the engraver Ponce (with whom he worked for three years), then under Bosc, who taught him cold-chisel engraving. Cals finally entered Cogniet's atelier at the École des Beaux-Arts, where it is recorded that Cogniet and his new pupil did not see eye to eye: the paternalistic Cogniet advised Cals to work in a 'popular' mode, but Félix-Adolphe declined, arguing that he was prepared to assume the consequences of developing a more personal style. Cogniet is then reputed to have told him he was jeopardizing his career, admonishing Cals that he was simply 'another Corot'; in other words, that he [Cogniet] washed his hands of him. Despite this withdrawal of official support, Cals went his own way. He married, but the marriage did not last....

Article

Cézanne, Paul  

French, 19th century, male.

Born 19 January 1839, in Aix-en-Provence; died 22 October 1906, in Aix-en-Provence.

Painter (including gouache), watercolourist, engraver. Allegorical subjects, figure compositions, portraits, figures, nudes, landscapes with figures,waterscapes, landscapes,seascapes, interiors with figures, still-lifes (including flowers/fruit).

Impressionist group.

Paul Cézanne and his sister Marie were the illegitimate offspring of a liaison between their hatmaker father and one of his employees, Honorine Aubert, whom he finally married in 1844. A third child, Rose, was born in 1854. Marie Cézanne remained unmarried and was a loyal supporter of her brother....

Article

Clausell, Joaquín  

Mexican, 19th – 20th century, male.

Born 1866, in Zempoala; died 1935, in Mexico City.

Painter. Landscapes.

Clausell moved to Mexico City at the age of 20 and became a lawyer. In 1890 he travelled around Europe and discovered Impressionist painting. He was a self-taught painter, encouraged by Gerardo Murillo. Most of his work shows views of Mexico painted in rich colours....

Article

Cooper, Colin Campbell  

American, 19th – 20th century, male.

Born 1856, in Philadelphia; died 1937.

Painter. Landscapes, urban landscapes, figures.

Colin Campbell Cooper studied in Philadelphia and then in Paris, where he appears to have discovered Impressionist painting. His work suggests that he visited England, the shores of the Mediterranean and Venice....

Article

Coppedè, Carlo  

Italian, 19th – 20th century, male.

Born 1868, in Florence.

Painter. Mythological subjects, genre scenes, portraits, landscapes.

Coppedè's landscapes are mostly Impressionist in inspiration.

Milan, 14 Dec 1978: The Shipwreck (1894, oil on canvas, 51¼ × 42¼ ins/130 × 107 cm) ITL 2,500,000

Milan, 18 Dec 1986...

Article

Cordey, Frédéric Samuel  

French, 19th – 20th century, male.

Born 9 July 1854, in Paris; died 18 February 1911, in Paris.

Painter. Portraits, genre scenes, landscapes, still-lifes.

Impressionist group.

Frédéric Samuel Cordey studied under Pils and Boulanger at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris and also frequented Renoir's studio, where he posed for the figure one of the dancers in the latter's ...

Article

Damien, Antony  

French, 19th – 20th century, male.

Born 1858, in Paris; died 1943, in Fontainebleau.

Painter. Urban landscapes, landscapes.

Antony Damien painted landscapes in the Impressionist tradition, showing sensitivity to the changes in light and the weather. He painted many landscapes of Paris and its surrounding area. He exhibited at the Salon de la Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts in ...

Article

Degas, Hilaire Germain Edgar  

originally de Gas

French, 19th – 20th century, male.

Born 19 July 1834, in Paris, France; died 26 September 1917, in Paris.

Painter, pastellist, sculptor, printmaker (monotypes, etchings, aquatints, lithographs), draughtsman, photographer. History painting, figures, nudes, portraits, genre scenes, interiors with figures, sporting subjects.

Japonisme.

Impressionist group.

Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas was born in Paris into a well-to-do banking family. His father, whose family originated from Breton nobility, was born in Naples and his Creole mother, Célestine Musson, was born in New Orleans. She died in 1847 when Degas was 13 years old. His grandfather (who had left France at the time of the French Revolution) and his father always signed their names ‘de Gas’, a usage that Edgar continued until about 1870. He only signed works when he sold or exhibited them, and after his death, the executors of his estate stamped red signatures on all the works in his studio. Degas rarely dated his works....

Article

Dirks, Andreas  

German, 19th – 20th century, male.

Born 17 June 1866, on Sylt; died 1922, in Düsseldorf.

Painter. Seascapes.

Andreas Dirks was very strongly influenced by the French Impressionists. He was a pupil of Th. Hagen at Weimar and worked in Düsseldorf.

Weimar: Seascape

Article

Doucet, Jules Amédée Jean  

French, 19th – 20th century, male.

Born 25 July 1872.

Painter, designer.

Jules Doucet painted in an Impressionist style.

Article

Dreier, Dorothea A.  

American, 19th–20th century, female.

Born 1870, in Brooklyn, New York; died 1923, in Saranac, New York.

Painter. Landscapes, murals.

American post-Impressionism.

Dreier was the elder sister of the painter Katherine Sophie Dreier, with whom she travelled in Europe and founded the Cooperative Mural Workshops in 1914....

Article

Duhem, Henri Aimé  

French, 19th – 20th century, male.

Born 7 April 1860, in Douai; died 24 October 1941, in Juan-les-Pins.

Painter, watercolourist. Landscapes.

Henri Duhem's body of work was decisively influenced by Impressionism and, in particular, by its technique of touche divisée, which he applied to some effect in his rendering of watercourses, watermills and landscapes in the snow, chiefly in the region of Douai and in Flanders. He shared the Impressionist preoccupation with changing light effects at various times of the day....

Article

Esser, Theodor  

German, 19th century, male.

Born 30 July 1868, in Bonn.

Painter.

Theodor Esser was a pupil of Ferdinand Keller in Karlsruhe. He painted landscapes and interiors that were strongly influenced by the French Impressionist School.

Article

Forain, Jean Louis  

French, 19th – 20th century, male.

Born 23 October 1852, in Rheims; died 11 July 1931, in Paris.

Painter (gouache), watercolourist, pastellist, engraver, lithographer, draughtsman, illustrator, caricaturist, poster artist. Figure compositions, figures.

Impressionist group.

Jean Forain was the son of a painter and decorator and was apprenticed to a visiting card engraver. He studied briefly under Gérôme and Carpeaux at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris and regularly visited the Louvre, where he copied works by the masters. It is said that for a time he made a precarious living by selling small drawings in the style of Grévin. He went on to collaborate on various publications as a draughtsman and columnist, starting in 1876 on ...